共点向量基底表,系数和移等和线
选定基底\(\{ \overrightarrow {OA} ,\overrightarrow {OB} \} \),研究\(\overrightarrow {OP} = x\overrightarrow {OA} + y\overrightarrow {OB} \)中系数和\(x + y\)的变化情况
记直线\(AB\)为\({l_0}\),当\({P_0}\)在直线\(AB\)上时,由于\(\overrightarrow {BA} \)与\(\overrightarrow {B{P_0}} \)共线
故\(\overrightarrow {B{P_0}} = t\overrightarrow {BA} \),
统一起点得
\(\overrightarrow {O{P_0}} – \overrightarrow {OB} = t(\overrightarrow {OA} – \overrightarrow {OB} )\),
整理得\(\overrightarrow {O{P_0}} = t\overrightarrow {OA} + (1 – t)\overrightarrow {OB} \)
由平面向量基本定理得\(x = t,y = 1 – t\),故此时\(x + y = 1\),即直线\({l_0}\)上任意一点都满足\(x + y = 1\)
作\({l_0}\)的平行线\({l_1}\)、\({l_2}\)、\({l_3}\),在直线\({l_1}\)上任取一点\({P_1}\),由于\(O\)、\(P\)、\({P_0}\)共线
故存在\(m\),使得\(\overrightarrow {O{P_1}} = m\overrightarrow {O{P_0}} \),
由\(\overrightarrow {O{P_1}} = x\overrightarrow {OA} + y\overrightarrow {OB} \)得
\(m\overrightarrow {O{P_0}} = x\overrightarrow {OA} + y\overrightarrow {OB} \),
即\(\overrightarrow {O{P_0}} = \dfrac{x}{m}\overrightarrow {OA} + \dfrac{y}{m}\overrightarrow {OB} \)
由于\({P_0}\)、\(A\)、\(B\)共线,故\(\dfrac{x}{m} + \dfrac{y}{m} = 1\),从而\(x + y = m\)
即直线\({l_1}\)上任意一点都满足系数和\(x + y = m\)
这说明与直线\({l_0}\)平行的每一条直线上,所有点都满足系数和\(x + y\)相等,这样的线叫等和线.
上述\(m = \dfrac{{|O{P_1}|}}{{|O{P_0}|}}\),即直线\({l_1}\)上所有点都满足\(x + y = \dfrac{{|O{P_1}|}}{{|O{P_0}|}}\),根据相似可知,该比值可以是对应三角的中线比、高之比、内角平分线比、边之比,具体使用时,以方便计算为原则,灵活处理。
从上图可看出,从\({l_0}\)开始,往外面平移,\(x + y\)变大,且都大于\(1\);
从\({l_0}\)开始,往\(O\)平移,\(x + y\)变小,且都位于\((0,1)\);
继续从\(O\)往外平移,\(x + y\)为负数,且继续变小.
如对于直线\({l_3}\)上每一点,系数和\(x + y = – \dfrac{{|O{P_3}|}}{{|O{P_0}|}}\)
等和线常用来处理同起点的三向量,用基底表示时,系数和的值或取值范围问题。通过等和线,最终转化为平面几何问题,算线段的比例.
【例1】如图,在扇形\(OAB\)中,\(\angle AOB = 60^\circ \),\(C\)为弧\(AB\)上的一个动点,若\(\overrightarrow {OC} = x\overrightarrow {OA} + y\overrightarrow {OB} \),则\(x + y\)的取值范围是_____________.
【解析】把\(\{ \overrightarrow {OA} ,\overrightarrow {OB} \} \)选作基底,连接\(AB\),此时系数和\(x + y = 1\)
将直线\(AB\)向外平移,系数和变大,直到与圆弧相切于\(M\)点时,系数和达到最大
从而\(x + y\)达到最大,即\({(x + y)_{\max }} = \dfrac{{|OM|}}{{|ON|}} = \dfrac{r}{{\dfrac{{\sqrt 3 }}{2}r}} = \dfrac{{2\sqrt 3 }}{3}\)
而\({(x + y)_{\min }} = 1\),故\(x + y\)的取值范围是\([1,\dfrac{{2\sqrt 3 }}{3}]\)
【变式】如图,在扇形\(OAB\)中,\(\angle AOB = 60^\circ \),\(C\)为弧\(AB\)上的一个动点,若\(\overrightarrow {OC} = x\overrightarrow {OA} + y\overrightarrow {OB} \),则\(x + 4y\)的取值范围是_____________.
【解析】如图,注意到把\(\{ \overrightarrow {OA} ,\overrightarrow {OB} \} \)选作基底时,\(x + 4y\)并非系数和,因此需要把\(x + 4y\)变为系数和,就得改变基底:\(\overrightarrow {OC} = x\overrightarrow {OA} + y\overrightarrow {OB} = x\overrightarrow {OA} + 4y \cdot (\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow {OB} )\)
取\(\overrightarrow {OM} = \dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow {OB} \),则\(\overrightarrow {OC} = x\overrightarrow {OA} + 4y\overrightarrow {OM} \),
把\(\{ \overrightarrow {OA} ,\overrightarrow {OM} \} \)选作基底,连接\(AM\),此时系数和\(x + 4y = 1\)
将\(AM\)向外平移,系数和\(x + 4y\)变大,直到经过点\(B\)时达到最大
故\({(x + 4y)_{\max }} = \dfrac{{|OB|}}{{|OM|}} = 4\)
从而\(x + 4y\)的取值范围是\([1,4]\)
【例2】已知\(\Delta ABC\)为等边三角形,动点\(P\)在以\(BC\)为直径的圆上,若\(\overrightarrow {AP} = \lambda \overrightarrow {AB} + \mu \overrightarrow {AC} \),则\(\lambda + 2\mu \)的最大值为( )
A.\( \dfrac{1}{2} \) B.\(1 + \dfrac{{\sqrt 3 }}{3}\) C.\(\dfrac{5}{2}\) D.\(2 + \dfrac{{\sqrt 3 }}{2}\)
【解析】\(\overrightarrow {AP} = \lambda \overrightarrow {AB} + \mu \overrightarrow {AC} = \lambda \overrightarrow {AB} + 2\mu \cdot \dfrac{{\overrightarrow {AC} }}{2}\),如图
由于\(\Delta ABC\)是等边三角形,且\(BD \bot AC\),故\(D\)为\(AC\)中点,从而\(\overrightarrow {AD} = \dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow {AC} \)
因此\(\overrightarrow {AP} = \lambda \overrightarrow {AB} + 2\mu \overrightarrow {AD} \),
选定\(\{ \overrightarrow {AB} ,\overrightarrow {AD} \} \)为基底,则\(\lambda + 2\mu \)为系数和
连接\(BD\),这条线上的点对于系数和为\(1\),将直线\(BD\)向远离\(A\)的方向平移,系数和\(\lambda + 2\mu \)变大,直到与圆相切于\(E\)点时,系数和\(\lambda + 2\mu \)达到最大
设\(OG = m\),则
\(CD = 2m\),\(AD = 2m\),\(BC = 2r = 4m\),
故\(DF = GE = m + 2m = 3m\)
\(\therefore {(\lambda + 2\mu )_{\max }} = \dfrac{{AF}}{{AD}} = \dfrac{{2m + 3m}}{{2m}} = \dfrac{5}{2}\)
从而,本题选C
【反思】利用等和线求系数和的最大(小)值,首先要选定基底,使得所求的和为系数和,然后连接基底的两终点,这条线的系数和为1,以此线为基准进行平移,分析系数和的变化趋势,直到边界位置达到最大或最小,而计算系数和时,要选定好比例关系,最后利用平面几何知识算出比值。
【例3】如图所示,\(A\)、\(B\)、\(C\)是圆\(O\)上的三点,线段\(CO\)的延长线与\(BA\)的延长线交于圆\(O\)外的一点\(D\),若\(\overrightarrow {OC} = m\overrightarrow {OA} + n\overrightarrow {OB} \),则\(m + n\)的取值范围是__________.
【解析】选定\(\{ \overrightarrow {OA} ,\overrightarrow {OB} \} \)为基底,则\(m + n\)为对应系数和
过\(O\)作\(AB\)的平行线\(ON\),\(AO\)延长与圆交于点\(M\),则向量\(\overrightarrow {OC} \)应位于图中扇形\(OMN\)区域内,
直线\(AB\)对于的系数和为\(1\),直线\(ON\)对应的系数和为\(0\),直线\(MP\)对应的系数和为\( – 1\),因此,\(m + n\)的取值范围是\(( – 1,0)\)
原创文章,作者:leopold,如若转载,请注明出处:https://www.math211.com/2021/02/10/90/